With the continuous advancement of technology, the connection between the internet and various devices has become a focal point of attention. The Internet of Things (IoT) has been at the heart of this trend and is now widely applied across various industries. However, in addition to IoT, a new term has emerged—IOE (Internet of Everything).

The Modbus protocol has become a crucial bridge for connecting various devices and systems in industrial fields, owing to its strong technical foundation and widespread application. This article provides a brief description of several key technologies and core elements in the Modbus protocol, including function codes, addressing, data models, and security considerations, offering readers a comprehensive and in-depth understanding.

Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE)​, launched in 2010, ushered in a new era of connectivity, particularly between smart devices and smartphones. BLE is a new wireless protocol that shares some functionalities with traditional Bluetooth.

According to the "Guidance on Vigorously Developing Smart Agriculture" issued by the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs (Document No. 3 of 2024), "Smart agriculture is an important focus for the development of modern agriculture and a strategic high ground for building a strong agricultural nation."

With the rapid development of society and the rapid expansion of urban areas, the availability of flat land has decreased, leading to a reduction in arable land. In response, the national government has significantly increased its support for agriculture.